The economic system constitutes one of the principal foundations of the social system, and since the early 2000s Ayatollah Khamenei has placed particular emphasis on the role of the people in the economy and the necessity of realizing a “Resistance Economy.” Under current conditions, in which the country faces extensive sanctions and economic constraints, reliance on popular capacities and the strengthening of domestic production have acquired heightened significance. Accordingly, leveraging public participation in economic processes—identified as one of the central axes of his statements—forms the basis of this study. The objective of the research is to identify the strategies and capacities for public participation in the economy based on Ayatollah Khamenei’s thought. To this end, an exploratory thematic analysis method was employed. His speeches and statements were examined through inductive qualitative content analysis in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The findings indicate that, from Ayatollah Khamenei’s perspective, public economic participation constitutes a multidimensional and systematic approach whose realization requires a reconfiguration of the roles of both the people and the state within the economic sphere. The research results can be articulated through several principal axes: strengthening the private sector; revising and reforming governmental policies and approaches toward public participation; diversifying the arenas of economic participation; clarifying the roles and normative obligations of individual citizens; redefining the duties of the state in economic participation; improving the state’s cross-sectoral and strategic interventions; and enhancing sector-specific interventions within the economic domain. On this basis, Ayatollah Khamenei’s statements provide a roadmap for the popularization of the economy and for increasing the country’s economic resilience.