Analyzing the anti-colonial thought and movement of Ayatollah Sayyid Abdul-Hossein Lari as a prominent religious leader in the political sphere necessitates understanding the intellectual foundations, objectives, aspirations, and historical, social, and political conditions of his era. During his lifetime, he articulated and practiced a religion-centered approach grounded in Shi‘a doctrine. His innovation in the contemporary world was not merely political activism in practice but the politicization of thought at the level of conceptual horizons. With mastery of jurisprudential methodology and awareness of the contending political forces, he decisively integrated religion and politics, thereby shaping one of the significant movements in modern Iranian history. This qualitative study, employing a descriptive–analytical method and library-based data collection, seeks to answer the central question: What were the principal components of Ayatollah Lari’s anti-despotism and anti-colonial thought, and how were these ideas manifested in his socio-political action and the establishment of an Islamic government in southern Iran? The findings indicate that, in his view, the minimum responsibility (qadr al-mutaqayyan) of jurists during the Major Occultation is the establishment of Islamic governance through general appointment, headed by a fully qualified jurist vested with necessary authorities under the doctrine of “absolute guardianship of the jurist” (velayat-e motlaqeh-ye faqih). In practice, acting as a jurist-guardian in southern Iran, he established governance, declared jihad against British colonial oppression and Qajar despotism, and endeavored to construct the administrative and institutional structures required for societal governance in Fars province—thus providing a concrete embodiment of Islamic political jurisprudence.